Carbon Purging
Taking Significant Action Against Climate Change
climate change
Global Warming is NOT on Hold
Wed, 04/01/2009 - 23:35 — mjewettThe Earth is currently warming, and its climate is changing everywhere. It is happening at a much faster rate than is natural. It is caused in large part by human activities. But a new study, first covered by Discovery News, has been making its way around the blogs that is causing climate change and global warming deniers to celebrate en masse - “Warming might be on hold, study finds“.
What the News Says
The news coverage details how a study, "Has the climate recently shifted?", conducted by Professors Anastasios Tsonis and Kyle Swanson, of the University of Wisconsin, may conclude that global warming due to anthropogenic causes is on hold. According to the Discovery News article,
"following a 30-year trend of warming, global temperatures have flatlined since 2001 despite rising greenhouse gas concentrations."Discovery News asks,
"How does this square with temperature records from 2005-2007, by some measurements among the warmest years on record? When added up with the other four years since 2001, Swanson said the overall trend is flat, even though temperatures should have gone up by 0.2 degrees Centigrade (0.36 degrees Fahrenheit) during that time."
Per CNSNews.com,
"Democratic senators reported on Tuesday that despite a recent study that shows global temperatures have been dropping since 2001 and that projects the globe will continue to cool for the next several decades, they think the United States should continue to push forward with aggressive action to curb climate change."They also report that the study projected that due to "global variation" the climate would continue to cool for the next 20 to 30 years. Tsonis told CNSNews.com that his work indicated that temperatures had flattened and slightly decreased since 2001 and that, due to natural cycles, temperature would continue to decrease for several decades. "The temperature has flattened and is actually going down," Tsonis reported. "We are seeing a new shift towards cooler temperatures that will last for probably about three decades."
Dr. William Gray, who is quoted in the article, is emeritus professor (retired, but retains his title) of atmospheric science at Colorado State University and a scientist in the field of hurricane prediction. He has lectured for some time claiming that there has been some global warming over the last 100 years largely due to natural circulation changes in the oceans.
"But the world is not in a climate crisis as Vice President Gore would say," Gray said a little over a year ago. "We have many other important problems in this world we have to work on. And this is a red herring item that we can’t do anything about anyways. If we vastly cut down on our fossil fuels it would be a drop in the bucket in terms of global temperature change. The Third World – India, China and so on – are going to keep burning these fossil fuels."
As reported by MSNBC,
"Following a 30-year trend of warming, global temperatures have flatlined since 2001 despite rising greenhouse gas concentrations, and a heat surplus that should have cranked up the planetary thermostat."
What the Bloggers Say
Anthony Watts, who writes on "Watts Up With That", had a guest post about the report by climate change denier Steven Goddard, who starts off, "It appears that global cooling recognition may be starting to make headway in the scientific community." Goddard then goes on to quote Isaac Held of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in Princeton, New Jersey: "It is possible that a fraction of the most recent rapid warming since the 1970’s was due to a free variation in climate, suggesting that the warming might possibly slow down or even stagnate for a few years before rapid warming commences again." He adds, "And Swanson thinks the trend could continue for up to 30 years." He then posts the entire MSNBC article verbatim, and finishes it up with "That is strange. We hear from highly respected authorities that we were in a period of 'unprecedented warming.' How can it be both warming and cooling at the same time?" Finally, he places an image of a graph, sourced from NASA, showing global average temperatures from 1880 to current.
What Tsonis and Swanson Say
As described in Discovery News, when added up with the other four years since 2001, Swanson said the overall trend is flat, even though temperatures should have gone up by 0.2 degrees Centigrade (0.36 degrees Fahrenheit) during that time.
As reported in CNSNews.com, Tsonis also said that neither he nor Swanson think their study undermines arguments for global warming caused by human activity.
"We are not saying there is not warming due to human activity. We are saying that there are natural shifts on top of that. But, for now, it looks like it is going to cool."
Tsonis said that currently the natural cycles, which occur in part because of the way oceans interact, are stronger than the influence human activity has on the environment. According to Tsonis, when the Earth begins to warm again in several decades, the globe could be in trouble because natural warming and man-made warming will occur simultaneously.
"At this point it [natural variation] at least balances, or may be stronger, than the human influence," said Tsonis. "But if temperatures shift again as we believe they will, then warming will be dramatic. It will be natural warming on top of human warming."
Tsonis also reports, "The temperature has flattened and is actually going down. We are seeing a new shift towards cooler temperatures that will last for probably about three decades."
Per MSNBC, "This is nothing like anything we've seen since 1950," Kyle Swanson of the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee said. "Cooling events since then had firm causes, like eruptions or large-magnitude La Niñas. This current cooling doesn't have one."
Instead, Swanson and colleague Anastasios Tsonis think a series of climate processes have aligned, conspiring to chill the climate. In 1997 and 1998, the tropical Pacific Ocean warmed rapidly in what Swanson called a "super El Niño event." It sent a shock wave through the oceans and atmosphere, jarring their circulation patterns into unison.
Swanson thinks the trend could continue for up to 30 years. But he warned that it's just a hiccup, and that humans' penchant for spewing greenhouse gases will certainly come back to haunt us.
"When the climate kicks back out of this state, we'll have explosive warming," Swanson said. "Thirty years of greenhouse gas radiative forcing will still be there and then bang, the warming will return and be very aggressive."
What the Report Says
"Has the climate recently shifted?" essentially states that, using new measuring techniques, Earth's warming climate peaked in 2001/2002. In 2001/02 climate shifted away from the consistent warming trend for the period 1976/77 to 2001/02. This is set against a background of global CO2 emissions increasing at a rate of 3.5% per year since 2000. It describes how the Earth's various climactic feedbacks are synchronized and connected (coupled). Any misstep in this connectedness would lead to a huge "crash", or change. It does not detail, or offer any proof of, what may have caused the supposed crash, which is marked by a break in the global mean temperature trend.
It details how this shift is superimposed upon a long-term warming trend due to anthropogenic forcing.
"Extension of this analysis to the entire 20th century as shown in the bottom panel of Figure 1 reveals three climate shifts marked by breaks in the temperature trend with respect to time, superimposed upon an overall warming presumably due to increasing greenhouse gases."
They describe a graph (Figure 2 in the report) which shows seasonal temperature anomalies derived from the HadCRUT3g temperature data after 1950. They explain that over this period, there have been 6 cooling episodes, of which three are associated with tropical volcanic eruptions- Agung in 1963, El Chichon in 1982, and Pinatubo in 1991; while the 1955 and 1973 events coincide with large amplitude La Niña events. "Curiously, the most recent and ongoing cooling event has no obvious proximate explanation, as there has been no substantive recent volcanic activity and the ENSO cycle since 2001/2002 has been benign (variability of less than one standard deviation of the multivariate ENSO index)."
Here are some relevant passages:
"If as suggested here, a dynamically driven climate shift has occurred, the duration of similar shifts during the 20th century suggests the new global mean temperature trend may persist for several decades. Of course, it is purely speculative to presume that the global mean temperature will remain near current levels for such an extended period of time. Moreover, we caution that the shifts described here are presumably superimposed upon a long term warming trend due to anthropogenic forcing. However, the nature of these past shifts in climate state suggests the possibility of near constant temperature lasting a decade or more into the future must at least be entertained."
"It is straightforward to argue that a climate with significant internal variability is a climate that is very sensitive to applied anthropogenic radiative anomalies. If the role of internal variability in the climate system is as large as this analysis would seem to suggest, warming over the 21st century may well be larger than that predicted by the current generation of models, given the propensity of those models to underestimate climate internal variability."
"If the role of internal variability in the climate system is as large as this analysis would seem to suggest, warming over the 21st century may well be larger than that predicted by the current generation of models, given the propensity of those models to underestimate climate internal variability."
The Truth, and What is Being Left Out
The Earth's climate is continuing on a path of warming. Human emissions of CO2, among other greenhouse gases, are mostly to blame. The Earth is equipped to handle all natural carbon dioxide emissions; mankind's activities are wholly responsible for the increasing CO2 emissions. This is easily proven, such as by looking at the ice core records of stable CO2 concentrations since the end of the last ice age, or from carbon isotope data for fossil fuel carbon, for example. Ice core levels of CO2 in 1832 were 284 ppm. Current levels, as of February, 2009, are 387 ppm. Carbon dioxide levels have not been this high for at least 800,000 years. During the 100,000 year ice age cycle, CO2 varies between a low of approximately 200 ppm during cold periods and a high of 280 ppm during interglacials. Recent human influences have increased this to current levels. There is a large natural flux of CO2 into and out of the biosphere and oceans. In the pre-industrial era these fluxes were largely in balance. Currently about 57% of human-emitted CO2 is removed by the biosphere and oceans; without this effect CO2 levels would be even higher. The longest ice core record comes from East Antarctica, where ice has been sampled to an age of 800 thousand years BP (Before Present). During this time, the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration has varied by volume between 180 - 210 ppm during ice ages, increasing to 280 - 300 ppm during warmer interglacials. Present carbon dioxide levels are likely higher now than at any time during the past 20 myr.
Anthropogenic global warming it not a new idea; it has been recognized as early as 1880. In fact, there's no question at all that humans are responsible for the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The strongest evidence comes from measurements of the amount of carbon-12, -13, and -14 isotopes in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels has a unique signature not shared by naturally occurring CO2 from volcanoes or biomass. This is well described in IPCC reports and in this post, among other places.
These increasing levels of CO2 are causing average worldwide temperatures to trend warmer. This is the current scientific consensus. The American Meteorological Society (AMO) has endorsed the Joint Academies' Statement which is signed by eleven countries and opens with the words "Climate Change is real". Its conclusion starts out "We urge all nations, in the line with the UNFCCC principles, to take prompt action to reduce the causes of climate change, adapt to its impacts and ensure that the issue is included in all relevant national and international strategies."
The more time that passes, the more information we have solidifying this fact. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concludes that anthropogenic greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed temperature increase since the middle of the twentieth century, and that natural phenomena such as solar variation and volcanoes probably had a small warming effect from pre-industrial times to 1950 and a small cooling effect afterward. These basic conclusions have been endorsed by more than 40 scientific societies and academies of science, including all of the national academies of science of the major industrialized countries.
The bloggers and deniers quoted, the news agencies, and, above all, the report by Swanson and Tsonis fail to prove that average increasing worldwide temperatures have slowed down or trended cooler since 2001.
Of course, there is no evidence of Earth's long-term temperature average dropping; in fact, all of the evidence points to continued warming. See temperature record and temperature record since 1880, for starters.
2005 was named as the "hottest and stormiest year" on record by NASA. That record was subsequently broken in 2006.
Also regarding temperature records from 2005-2007, by most measurements among the warmest years on record, when added up with the other four years since 2001, Swanson said the overall trend is flat, even though temperatures should have gone up by 0.2 degrees Centigrade (0.36 degrees Fahrenheit) during that time.
Warming DID occur between 2001 and current. Here's some stats, per Goddard Institute for Space Studies, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Earth Sciences Directorate:
2001, 14.57 degrees Celsius
2002, 14.69 degrees Celsius (increase from 2001 & year prior)
2003, 14.67 degrees Celsius (increase from 2001)
2004, 14.60 degrees Celsius (increase from 2001)
2005, 14.76 degrees Celsius (increase from 2001 & year prior)
2006, 14.66 degrees Celsius (increase from 2001)
2007, 14.73 degrees Celsius (increase from 2001 & year prior)
2008, 14.44 degrees Celsius
2009, 14.58 degrees Celsius (increase from 2001 & year prior)
2010, 14.63 degrees Celsius (increase from 2001 & year prior)
(The source for 2008 through 2010 courtesy the Earth Policy Institute, which compiled and averaged data from National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), "Global Land-Ocean Temperature Index in 0.01 degrees Celsius" at http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/tabledata/GLB.Ts+dSST.txt, updated January 2011; Reto Ruedy, NASA GISS, e-mail to Alexandra Giese, Earth Policy Institute, 12 January 2010.
Also, per the NOAA, 6 of the last 7 years since 2001 have been warmer:
year °C Anomaly from mean (1901-2000)
2005 0.6058
1998 0.5768
2002 0.5575
2003 0.5566
2006 0.5524
2007 0.5499
2004 0.5332
2001 0.4939
To counter this information, Tsonis points me to a Hadley Center graph which shows short-term cooling trends, but ignores polar amplification. This easily explains the cooling shown by Hadley's data. However, even the Hadley Center predicts, per the current generation of models, tremendous warming this century. Damningly, even using Hadley's data the 2000s are easily the hottest decade in recorded history.
The facts speak for themselves. View this chart, sourced from NASA. It plainly tells us that there has been warming since 2001.
Further, while the recent La Niña and solar minimum have likely had a mild impact in slowing the global temperature rise, one of the likely reasons the temperature record doesn't show much warming since 2005 is that we simply lack the temperature recording stations in the Arctic and necessary to reveal the unprecedented warming there.
Tsonis and Swanson specify that their results are not at all contradictory with the idea of a long-term average global warming trend; rather, they are attempting to describe the climate's internal variability that everyone is already aware of.
The bloggers and news agencies frequently get the information all wrong, while failing to do their own actual fact checking or research. Note the frequently peppered words "may", "might", and "possible". Swanson and Tsonis continue to state that their unproven findings will lead to "rapid warming" commencing. That's right. Manmade global warming, according to the professors, will return.
Most of the so-called "experts" quoted in the news articles and blog posts are standard global warming deniers or flat-out unqualified. Dr. William Gray has zero peer-reviewed papers on climatology. Zero. Gray is a scientist in the field of hurricane prediction, which is weather forecasting, not climate science. Dr. Gray is also known for using a 1975 Newsweek about global cooling to discredit climatologists. It has been well documented by both Realclimate.org and Dr. Connolley that the scientific community never predicted an ice age. While there was talk about ice ages in mainstream magazines and even newspapers, there were no predictions of imminent global cooling in peer review journals or the National Academy of Sciences press releases. In fact, the very same year Newsweek ran their global cooling expose the National Academy of Sciences released a report on climate change which stated:
Unfortunately, we do not have a good quantitative understanding of our climate machine and what determines its course. Without this fundamental understanding, it does not seem possible to predict climate-neither in short-term variations nor in any in its larger long-term changes.
Steven Goddard, who wrote the blog post on the Watts Up With That blog, but not the story, is a standard climate change denier hack. And Steven, for the record- the climate is not warming and cooling at the same time.
Professor Bob Carter, who was also quoted in one of the posts, whose background is in marine geology, has little, if any, standing in the climate science community. He is a well known climate change skeptic. His scientific credibility on the issue is comparable to the credibility that Philip Morris has on the health effects of smoking. Carter is a member of the Institute of Public Affairs, which receives funding from Caltex, Esso Australia (a subsidiary of Exxon) and Shell and Woodside Petroleum; and fifteen major companies in the electricity industry. He has not proven his theories, or even attempted to prove them; he just writes about them with no evidence or credibility.
Swanson and Tsonis do not call their proposed find "cooling". Only climate change and global warming deniers have started calling this a global cooling. Swanson and Tsonis conclude, "If as suggested here, a dynamically driven climate shift has occurred, the duration of similar shifts during the 20th century suggests the new global mean temperature trend may persist for several decades. Of course, it is purely speculative to presume that the global mean temperature will remain near current levels for such an extended period of time. Moreover, we caution that the shifts described here are presumably superimposed upon a long term warming trend due to anthropogenic forcing." They also say that it is speculative to presume global average temperatures will remain near current levels; that any shifts would be in addition to a long term warming trend due to anthropogenic forcing; and that future warming may be larger than previously thought.
If you have any doubt about increasing global temperatures, or that average worldwide temperatures are slowing down, wait a decade. Remember, "We'll have explosive warming," Swanson said. We don't have time to wait on action, but mankind will prove its collective ability to affect worldwide temperatures, even while denying our influence on the climate.
For further information, please see the following two tables:
Average Global Temperature, 1880-2007
Composite CO2 record (0-800 kyr BP)
Average Global Temperature, 1880-2007
Average Global Temperature, 1880-2007 |
|
Year |
Temperature
|
| Degrees Celsius |
|
1880 |
13.88 |
1881 |
13.86 |
1882 |
13.98 |
1883 |
13.94 |
1884 |
13.57 |
1885 |
13.76 |
1886 |
13.73 |
1887 |
13.53 |
1888 |
13.75 |
1889 |
14.05 |
1890 |
13.78 |
1891 |
13.44 |
1892 |
13.59 |
1893 |
13.60 |
1894 |
13.67 |
1895 |
13.67 |
1896 |
13.72 |
1897 |
13.85 |
1898 |
13.80 |
1899 |
13.75 |
1900 |
13.94 |
1901 |
13.95 |
1902 |
13.70 |
1903 |
13.65 |
1904 |
13.58 |
1905 |
13.75 |
1906 |
13.85 |
1907 |
13.60 |
1908 |
13.70 |
1909 |
13.69 |
1910 |
13.80 |
1911 |
13.75 |
1912 |
13.67 |
1913 |
13.72 |
1914 |
13.98 |
1915 |
14.05 |
1916 |
13.80 |
1917 |
13.53 |
1918 |
13.66 |
1919 |
13.92 |
1920 |
13.83 |
1921 |
13.95 |
1922 |
13.90 |
1923 |
13.83 |
1924 |
13.88 |
1925 |
13.84 |
1926 |
14.04 |
1927 |
13.94 |
1928 |
13.99 |
1929 |
13.77 |
1930 |
13.96 |
1931 |
14.02 |
1932 |
14.04 |
1933 |
13.89 |
1934 |
14.05 |
1935 |
13.92 |
1936 |
14.02 |
1937 |
14.12 |
1938 |
14.15 |
1939 |
13.98 |
1940 |
14.14 |
1941 |
14.12 |
1942 |
14.11 |
1943 |
14.06 |
1944 |
14.11 |
1945 |
13.99 |
1946 |
14.01 |
1947 |
14.12 |
1948 |
13.98 |
1949 |
13.91 |
1950 |
13.83 |
1951 |
13.98 |
1952 |
14.04 |
1953 |
14.12 |
1954 |
13.91 |
1955 |
13.92 |
1956 |
13.82 |
1957 |
14.08 |
1958 |
14.10 |
1959 |
14.05 |
1960 |
13.98 |
1961 |
14.10 |
1962 |
14.05 |
1963 |
14.02 |
1964 |
13.75 |
1965 |
13.85 |
1966 |
13.92 |
1967 |
13.98 |
1968 |
13.91 |
1969 |
14.00 |
1970 |
14.04 |
1971 |
13.90 |
1972 |
13.95 |
1973 |
14.18 |
1974 |
13.94 |
1975 |
13.98 |
1976 |
13.79 |
1977 |
14.16 |
1978 |
14.07 |
1979 |
14.14 |
1980 |
14.28 |
1981 |
14.40 |
1982 |
14.09 |
1983 |
14.34 |
1984 |
14.15 |
1985 |
14.12 |
1986 |
14.19 |
1987 |
14.35 |
1988 |
14.39 |
1989 |
14.26 |
1990 |
14.48 |
1991 |
14.44 |
1992 |
14.15 |
1993 |
14.19 |
1994 |
14.32 |
1995 |
14.46 |
1996 |
14.39 |
1997 |
14.41 |
1998 |
14.72 |
1999 |
14.46 |
2000 |
14.42 |
2001 |
14.57 |
2002 |
14.69 |
2003 |
14.67 |
2004 |
14.60 |
2005 |
14.76 |
2006 |
14.66 |
2007 |
14.73 |
| Source: Goddard Institute for Space Studies, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Earth Sciences Directorate, "Global Temperature Anomalies in .01 C," at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/tabledata/GLB.Ts.txt, updated January 2008. | |
Composite CO2 record (0-800 kyr BP)
Composite CO2 record (0-800 kyr BP) |
|
Age (years BP) |
CO2 (ppmv) |
0 |
387.41 |
137 |
280.4 |
268 |
274.9 |
279 |
277.9 |
395 |
279.1 |
404 |
281.9 |
485 |
277.7 |
559 |
281.1 |
672 |
282.2 |
754 |
280.1 |
877 |
278.4 |
950 |
276.6 |
1060 |
279.1 |
1153 |
277.7 |
1233 |
278.7 |
1350 |
277.4 |
1453 |
279.2 |
1552 |
280 |
1638 |
278.9 |
1733 |
278.7 |
1812 |
278 |
1931 |
276.9 |
2057 |
276.7 |
2128 |
276.7 |
2212 |
277.6 |
2334 |
277.9 |
2433 |
273.9 |
2536 |
278.9 |
2604 |
275.3 |
2728 |
274.7 |
2806 |
276.3 |
2902 |
274.6 |
3053 |
276.3 |
3116 |
273.1 |
3215 |
274 |
3336 |
275 |
3453 |
273.4 |
3523 |
273 |
3622 |
271.5 |
3721 |
275.4 |
3790 |
274.9 |
3910 |
271.7 |
4004 |
271.6 |
4096 |
272.8 |
4161 |
271.5 |
4324 |
271.1 |
4374 |
269.1 |
4480 |
269.8 |
4573 |
271.5 |
4703 |
270.7 |
4766 |
269.3 |
4874 |
268.6 |
5004 |
269.8 |
5094 |
267.6 |
5160 |
265.3 |
5274 |
265.2 |
5370 |
267.6 |
5476 |
265.9 |
5562 |
265.5 |
5657 |
260.7 |
5716 |
266.7 |
5855 |
265.5 |
5998 |
263.2 |
6039 |
262.7 |
6131 |
261.2 |
6263 |
261.1 |
6354 |
259.4 |
6434 |
262.1 |
6545 |
262.9 |
6617 |
258.1 |
6713 |
257.6 |
6838 |
262.3 |
6941 |
263 |
7028 |
260.7 |
7112 |
258.4 |
7234 |
260.1 |
7320 |
260.4 |
7413 |
259.7 |
7507 |
259.2 |
7590 |
260.8 |
7691 |
259.6 |
7781 |
259.3 |
7876 |
258.3 |
7990 |
261.3 |
8050 |
260.7 |
8181 |
261.8 |
8281 |
259 |
8387 |
260.9 |
8477 |
260.4 |
8579 |
259.3 |
8653 |
262 |
8784 |
263.7 |
8869 |
263.8 |
8973 |
265.2 |
9092 |
260.6 |
9140 |
260.9 |
9232 |
263 |
9317 |
263.8 |
9536 |
264.4 |
9597 |
264.2 |
9721 |
264 |
9807 |
263.4 |
9909 |
265.7 |
9983 |
264.9 |
10088 |
267.5 |
10209 |
266.9 |
10294 |
266 |
10417 |
265.1 |
10527 |
267.6 |
10621 |
264.8 |
10744 |
264.8 |
10805 |
265 |
10827 |
265.3 |
10895 |
264.4 |
10933 |
264.1 |
11014 |
264.2 |
11087 |
264.5 |
11136 |
264 |
11201 |
263 |
11236 |
265.2 |
11278 |
258.8 |
11338 |
260.8 |
11392 |
255.4 |
11436 |
253.9 |
11469 |
253.8 |
11580 |
250.7 |
11635 |
249.7 |
11676 |
251.1 |
11727 |
250.7 |
11819 |
245.3 |
11896 |
245.3 |
11958 |
246.6 |
12050 |
243.2 |
12122 |
240.3 |
12371 |
237.5 |
12496 |
237.6 |
12642 |
234.2 |
12760 |
238.3 |
12942 |
237.3 |
13090 |
237.9 |
13241 |
237.6 |
13440 |
236.4 |
13542 |
239.2 |
13653 |
238.6 |
13804 |
238.6 |
13948 |
239.1 |
14303 |
228.5 |
14550 |
228.4 |
14725 |
226.1 |
14890 |
225.2 |
15012 |
224.5 |
15233 |
222 |
15438 |
221 |
15570 |
220.9 |
15742 |
219.4 |
15886 |
214 |
16073 |
207.5 |
16260 |
207.7 |
16452 |
202.9 |
16659 |
200.8 |
16870 |
195.2 |
17111 |
193.9 |
17375 |
191 |
17565 |
188.5 |
17809 |
188.5 |
17943 |
189.2 |
18285 |
187 |
18541 |
188.6 |
18828 |
189.4 |
18868 |
192.3 |
18921 |
188.3 |
19347 |
188.7 |
19509 |
188.8 |
19748 |
190 |
19988 |
188 |
20168 |
188.2 |
20197 |
195 |
20502 |
187.8 |
20748 |
186.9 |
21011 |
186.5 |
21257 |
184.7 |
21507 |
186.1 |
21854 |
185.7 |
22015 |
184.4 |
22827 |
189.2 |
25994 |
191.6 |
29063 |
188.5 |
30020 |
191.7 |
35009 |
205.3 |
37471 |
209.1 |
43500 |
209.1 |
47336 |
189.3 |
48854 |
188.4 |
49690 |
210.1 |
50663 |
215.7 |
52382 |
190.4 |
57088 |
221.7 |
57657 |
210.4 |
62859 |
195.3 |
64939 |
191.4 |
65939 |
194.9 |
71049 |
227.3 |
73227 |
229.1 |
77150 |
217.1 |
78183 |
221.7 |
80614 |
230.9 |
82417 |
241.1 |
83333 |
236.4 |
84016 |
228 |
85020 |
214.2 |
86181 |
217 |
87917 |
208 |
90357 |
224.2 |
91249 |
228.3 |
94353 |
232 |
99849 |
225.8 |
100837 |
230.8 |
101749 |
236.9 |
103465 |
228.1 |
104704 |
236.9 |
105636 |
230.6 |
107579 |
238.2 |
108153 |
245.6 |
109804 |
251.2 |
111862 |
256.7 |
113262 |
266.3 |
114096 |
261.4 |
114601 |
274.5 |
115118 |
273.2 |
116501 |
262.5 |
117750 |
267.6 |
118649 |
273.7 |
119672 |
271.9 |
120382 |
265.2 |
121017 |
277.6 |
122344 |
272.1 |
123070 |
276.4 |
124213 |
268.7 |
124257 |
266.6 |
124789 |
266.3 |
125081 |
279.7 |
125262 |
273 |
125434 |
277.1 |
126347 |
273.7 |
126598 |
267.1 |
126886 |
262.5 |
127132 |
262.6 |
127622 |
275.3 |
127907 |
275.6 |
128344 |
274 |
128372 |
287.1 |
128609 |
286.8 |
128866 |
282.6 |
129146 |
264.1 |
129340 |
263.4 |
129652 |
257.9 |
129736 |
259 |
131329 |
245 |
131455 |
240.4 |
131728 |
228.9 |
132492 |
223.5 |
133069 |
223.9 |
133105 |
220.3 |
133427 |
210.6 |
134123 |
208.9 |
134287 |
203.7 |
134960 |
204.5 |
135114 |
200.4 |
135207 |
198 |
135603 |
198 |
135883 |
201.7 |
136011 |
200.7 |
136251 |
202.4 |
136567 |
195.8 |
136655 |
201.1 |
137293 |
194.3 |
137633 |
193.4 |
137982 |
194.2 |
138185 |
190.2 |
139275 |
192.3 |
139617 |
196.5 |
140899 |
195.6 |
140960 |
196.4 |
142058 |
190.4 |
145363 |
196.9 |
148831 |
203 |
149803 |
191.9 |
149921 |
188.9 |
151423 |
200.6 |
154480 |
189 |
155395 |
185.5 |
155813 |
187.5 |
159562 |
204.3 |
159943 |
196.5 |
161679 |
191.6 |
162228 |
190.1 |
163024 |
186.7 |
163698 |
183.8 |
164439 |
196.6 |
167183 |
197.8 |
169492 |
197.7 |
171351 |
196 |
172434 |
190.3 |
173135 |
189.4 |
173394 |
190.1 |
175306 |
207.7 |
177139 |
213.2 |
178179 |
217.7 |
179117 |
198.1 |
180068 |
199.7 |
182046 |
203.4 |
184685 |
210.7 |
186697 |
231.3 |
188436 |
231.4 |
189076 |
220.3 |
190352 |
218 |
192910 |
226.5 |
193481 |
220 |
195017 |
226.4 |
195673 |
241.2 |
196179 |
242.6 |
198972 |
250.9 |
199918 |
239.1 |
201163 |
247.6 |
202413 |
244.4 |
202874 |
231.9 |
203317 |
232.2 |
203837 |
228.6 |
204480 |
226.3 |
204908 |
229.4 |
205362 |
231.4 |
205952 |
238.1 |
206144 |
237.2 |
206810 |
230 |
207120 |
240.5 |
207544 |
242.2 |
208064 |
244.6 |
208254 |
243.9 |
208803 |
247.2 |
208995 |
252 |
209432 |
246.9 |
209817 |
239.5 |
210154 |
257.4 |
210813 |
243.4 |
211858 |
251.2 |
212716 |
241.4 |
213270 |
240.3 |
213536 |
242.6 |
213984 |
247.5 |
214459 |
251.7 |
214794 |
251.1 |
215382 |
245.3 |
216352 |
240.5 |
218361 |
214.1 |
219116 |
216.1 |
220058 |
207.1 |
220739 |
208.8 |
222030 |
205.6 |
224269 |
203.3 |
224923 |
215.7 |
225909 |
235.5 |
226711 |
234.5 |
227027 |
233.1 |
227776 |
224.5 |
229423 |
232.4 |
230422 |
233.9 |
231066 |
241.6 |
234817 |
245.2 |
235480 |
252.1 |
236114 |
241.4 |
236734 |
247.4 |
237294 |
243.1 |
237868 |
239.1 |
238558 |
245.6 |
239013 |
245.8 |
239477 |
247.4 |
239973 |
252.8 |
240945 |
259.7 |
241366 |
263.2 |
242007 |
279 |
242346 |
280.2 |
243071 |
263.7 |
243429 |
252.3 |
243856 |
249.9 |
244347 |
236.7 |
244864 |
230.4 |
245441 |
219.4 |
247681 |
214.7 |
250133 |
200.2 |
251005 |
213.9 |
251864 |
195.4 |
252739 |
196.7 |
253636 |
195.4 |
255498 |
199 |
256309 |
201.9 |
257100 |
204 |
258661 |
203.9 |
260353 |
209.6 |
260916 |
205.7 |
262092 |
208.9 |
262930 |
214.6 |
264509 |
228.1 |
265653 |
199.9 |
266326 |
211.7 |
267442 |
188.7 |
268181 |
187.2 |
269154 |
194.2 |
270222 |
198.8 |
271256 |
184.7 |
272311 |
190.4 |
273310 |
193.9 |
274321 |
194.1 |
275350 |
198.4 |
276326 |
193.2 |
277361 |
202.2 |
278350 |
204.5 |
279320 |
211 |
280269 |
215.3 |
281758 |
223.7 |
283785 |
231.3 |
285380 |
228 |
286128 |
226.4 |
287036 |
231.4 |
287538 |
230.4 |
288233 |
231 |
290153 |
234.9 |
290730 |
220.4 |
291367 |
217.1 |
292405 |
207.6 |
293057 |
206 |
293779 |
206.7 |
294568 |
212.7 |
295930 |
213.1 |
297921 |
217.1 |
298741 |
224.4 |
299621 |
231 |
300472 |
236.1 |
301402 |
239 |
302280 |
236 |
303226 |
240.2 |
304232 |
240.7 |
304901 |
250.2 |
305655 |
248.6 |
306547 |
244.8 |
307495 |
225.8 |
308744 |
227.8 |
309389 |
226.2 |
310168 |
233.2 |
311013 |
237.8 |
311868 |
239 |
312676 |
241.9 |
313414 |
251.6 |
314144 |
256.7 |
314867 |
257.1 |
315572 |
246.8 |
316200 |
272.6 |
316897 |
251.6 |
317734 |
245.2 |
318559 |
233.4 |
319480 |
255.8 |
320358 |
249.2 |
322015 |
257.2 |
322767 |
260.4 |
323526 |
260.3 |
324280 |
260.5 |
324971 |
266.2 |
325720 |
264 |
326321 |
266.1 |
326972 |
270.1 |
327590 |
271.9 |
328221 |
275.1 |
329475 |
265 |
330208 |
271.7 |
330740 |
272.6 |
331438 |
273.1 |
331944 |
282.4 |
332285 |
289.1 |
332462 |
288.4 |
332919 |
298.6 |
333380 |
278.1 |
333890 |
285.8 |
334261 |
278.6 |
334748 |
270.5 |
335287 |
255.7 |
335918 |
241.9 |
336725 |
239.6 |
337391 |
234.2 |
339298 |
250.1 |
340456 |
200.7 |
341802 |
205.2 |
343282 |
204.8 |
344446 |
211.9 |
345980 |
220.3 |
348298 |
221.1 |
349688 |
216.2 |
350925 |
209.4 |
352275 |
209.2 |
355302 |
193 |
356898 |
186.1 |
358712 |
185.8 |
360957 |
201.2 |
363385 |
206.3 |
366235 |
201.9 |
367856 |
199.9 |
369446 |
214.7 |
371090 |
224.6 |
372646 |
229.6 |
376568 |
227 |
378096 |
240 |
379696 |
239.1 |
381132 |
246.8 |
382670 |
245.8 |
384534 |
258.1 |
385398 |
264.6 |
386144 |
259.2 |
388062 |
255.2 |
389946 |
250.1 |
391896 |
266.3 |
392544 |
259.5 |
393579 |
273.6 |
394560 |
260.7 |
398086 |
276.3 |
399722 |
277.1 |
400504 |
283.2 |
402000 |
283.1 |
402731 |
275.7 |
404181 |
276.5 |
404927 |
280.5 |
406368 |
279.6 |
407093 |
285.6 |
408600 |
284.5 |
409383 |
275.2 |
409383 |
274.2 |
410206 |
282.6 |
411071 |
283.5 |
412962 |
274.9 |
413948 |
264.9 |
414963 |
271.6 |
415717 |
276.4 |
416193 |
271.7 |
417191 |
273.4 |
417698 |
271.8 |
418245 |
274.6 |
419260 |
273.7 |
419808 |
271.2 |
420350 |
273.8 |
421484 |
268.6 |
422074 |
266.4 |
422649 |
270.6 |
423764 |
267.7 |
424332 |
268.3 |
424840 |
270.8 |
425242 |
270 |
425569 |
265.4 |
425975 |
255.3 |
426598 |
252.1 |
427285 |
248.2 |
427566 |
242.5 |
429006 |
219.7 |
429876 |
227.2 |
431063 |
211.5 |
431445 |
207.6 |
432599 |
209.8 |
433674 |
207.5 |
434804 |
200.3 |
435989 |
201.7 |
437152 |
201.3 |
438356 |
202 |
439565 |
199.1 |
441220 |
201.1 |
442411 |
203.5 |
443562 |
208.1 |
444650 |
201.7 |
445829 |
201.2 |
446984 |
204.9 |
448103 |
201.9 |
449244 |
198.4 |
450455 |
193.3 |
451593 |
192.5 |
452283 |
199.1 |
452795 |
204.3 |
453514 |
203.3 |
454023 |
208.3 |
455279 |
202.4 |
456591 |
195.5 |
458049 |
190.7 |
459430 |
194.4 |
460792 |
199.9 |
461687 |
205.2 |
462133 |
210 |
463456 |
208.1 |
464866 |
204.4 |
466265 |
203.4 |
467602 |
205.5 |
468323 |
206.5 |
468810 |
215.5 |
469470 |
218.7 |
469941 |
229.2 |
470597 |
232.7 |
471046 |
243.7 |
471763 |
243.9 |
472095 |
245.6 |
473102 |
241.2 |
474162 |
233.1 |
475218 |
232.8 |
476240 |
236.6 |
477162 |
239.1 |
477719 |
236.5 |
478124 |
231.3 |
478721 |
220.8 |
479144 |
218.8 |
480108 |
223.8 |
481035 |
223.4 |
481932 |
227.3 |
482803 |
231.4 |
483649 |
231.4 |
484465 |
231.2 |
485276 |
233 |
486043 |
232.9 |
486816 |
231.3 |
487541 |
237.1 |
488268 |
242 |
488689 |
240.9 |
488996 |
252.8 |
489475 |
249.3 |
489722 |
242.6 |
490445 |
243.3 |
491191 |
246.7 |
491959 |
243.7 |
492738 |
239.7 |
493507 |
239.1 |
494311 |
238.3 |
495085 |
238.5 |
495853 |
237.6 |
496608 |
236.4 |
497366 |
236.5 |
498104 |
232.8 |
498865 |
230.6 |
499610 |
230.8 |
500363 |
228.2 |
501130 |
230.8 |
501866 |
231.2 |
502625 |
232 |
503375 |
232.2 |
504083 |
234.1 |
504777 |
233.9 |
505516 |
235.5 |
506287 |
236 |
507011 |
238.2 |
507714 |
237 |
508476 |
240.3 |
509247 |
233.4 |
510008 |
236.4 |
510765 |
235.2 |
511515 |
242 |
512269 |
238.2 |
512997 |
239.2 |
513724 |
241.5 |
514429 |
243 |
515113 |
247.2 |
515771 |
246.2 |
516417 |
245.5 |
517069 |
245.3 |
517706 |
247.7 |
518334 |
245.5 |
518965 |
243.5 |
520892 |
241.9 |
521552 |
236.8 |
522216 |
235.8 |
522923 |
233.7 |
523666 |
230.3 |
524409 |
227.8 |
525164 |
224.7 |
525908 |
222.7 |
526661 |
221.2 |
527454 |
220.3 |
528262 |
220.7 |
528747 |
214.5 |
529101 |
211.4 |
529640 |
204.4 |
530016 |
200 |
530685 |
195.1 |
531035 |
193.8 |
531662 |
190.5 |
532119 |
199.8 |
533246 |
199.4 |
534364 |
205 |
535483 |
206.4 |
536622 |
212.9 |
537770 |
211.2 |
538959 |
205 |
540154 |
203.6 |
541345 |
208.1 |
542502 |
210.3 |
543676 |
209.6 |
544804 |
209.7 |
545956 |
204.6 |
547013 |
202.5 |
547573 |
208.8 |
547972 |
213.6 |
548933 |
215.2 |
549830 |
219.9 |
550637 |
221.7 |
551124 |
222.3 |
551452 |
226.3 |
551979 |
222.1 |
552250 |
220.3 |
552961 |
223.6 |
553626 |
224.3 |
554254 |
226.7 |
554831 |
233.9 |
555345 |
241 |
555637 |
243 |
555839 |
249.1 |
556143 |
244 |
556364 |
250.5 |
556724 |
245.6 |
556889 |
240.4 |
557385 |
238.1 |
557887 |
234.5 |
558183 |
229.7 |
558393 |
230.2 |
558929 |
230.3 |
559461 |
228.3 |
559972 |
231.6 |
560459 |
231.9 |
560930 |
234.6 |
561309 |
234.1 |
561846 |
240.1 |
562272 |
242.3 |
562690 |
245.7 |
563115 |
245.8 |
563517 |
247.6 |
563918 |
251.4 |
564311 |
252.4 |
564699 |
252.6 |
565077 |
251.4 |
565466 |
253.7 |
565851 |
254.3 |
566233 |
253.9 |
566619 |
254.5 |
567007 |
253.2 |
567381 |
253.9 |
567777 |
252.8 |
568167 |
253 |
568556 |
250.2 |
568946 |
251.3 |
569331 |
250 |
569728 |
251.3 |
570139 |
251.8 |
570548 |
251.8 |
570955 |
249.6 |
571367 |
251.6 |
571775 |
250.3 |
572190 |
246.3 |
572619 |
247.7 |
573037 |
249.2 |
573462 |
248.7 |
573902 |
251.8 |
574353 |
251.9 |
574803 |
252.1 |
575265 |
248.9 |
575730 |
252.5 |
576222 |
252.9 |
576723 |
251.3 |
577242 |
251.3 |
577769 |
251.1 |
578305 |
249.1 |
578857 |
252.9 |
579435 |
251.5 |
579821 |
244.1 |
580019 |
243.8 |
580400 |
236.2 |
580695 |
230.3 |
581160 |
225.2 |
581507 |
219.4 |
582000 |
215.4 |
582391 |
209.9 |
583034 |
206.7 |
583413 |
210.6 |
586406 |
224 |
586893 |
226 |
587647 |
234.4 |
588034 |
238.8 |
588716 |
246.3 |
589224 |
250.2 |
589868 |
248.1 |
590335 |
243.6 |
590893 |
237.4 |
592279 |
225.7 |
592697 |
229.4 |
593415 |
233.2 |
593870 |
238.1 |
594639 |
238 |
595189 |
232.9 |
595950 |
221.2 |
596515 |
216.4 |
597443 |
216.3 |
597966 |
219 |
598833 |
226 |
599434 |
229.4 |
600882 |
232.5 |
602278 |
237.9 |
603673 |
239.1 |
605076 |
244.5 |
606374 |
248.5 |
607708 |
254.6 |
608929 |
259.2 |
610136 |
257.7 |
611319 |
259.6 |
612514 |
258 |
613709 |
256 |
614923 |
252.5 |
616227 |
252.4 |
617544 |
252.3 |
618955 |
247.9 |
620338 |
245.4 |
621760 |
243 |
623214 |
238.6 |
624690 |
237.3 |
625570 |
234.3 |
626215 |
227.8 |
627211 |
214.9 |
627999 |
205 |
629446 |
198.7 |
630295 |
199.9 |
632001 |
199.5 |
632856 |
195.6 |
634592 |
192.1 |
635489 |
193.9 |
636957 |
193 |
638127 |
194.3 |
639848 |
187.7 |
640760 |
189.1 |
642405 |
190.2 |
643204 |
190.4 |
644662 |
194.1 |
645470 |
194.6 |
646723 |
188.6 |
647588 |
190.5 |
648946 |
192.1 |
649598 |
194.8 |
650891 |
187.8 |
651556 |
192 |
652802 |
185.8 |
653448 |
185.3 |
654473 |
191.3 |
655202 |
193.2 |
656286 |
198.4 |
656882 |
198.7 |
657923 |
191.3 |
658474 |
189.2 |
659524 |
182.4 |
660084 |
183.9 |
660981 |
186.6 |
661650 |
189.8 |
662669 |
187.8 |
663206 |
189 |
664192 |
189.1 |
664690 |
185.8 |
665645 |
178.2 |
666174 |
178.5 |
666995 |
172.7 |
667569 |
171.6 |
668447 |
175.6 |
668934 |
178.5 |
669751 |
185.5 |
670176 |
189.3 |
670916 |
192.6 |
671286 |
194.6 |
671926 |
192.5 |
672386 |
194.8 |
673095 |
198.7 |
673475 |
202.3 |
674173 |
209.2 |
674521 |
213.7 |
675589 |
220 |
676170 |
217.4 |
676524 |
214 |
677068 |
215.6 |
677380 |
217.4 |
677984 |
226.5 |
678291 |
230 |
678914 |
230.8 |
679252 |
230.3 |
679732 |
223 |
680081 |
225 |
680608 |
218.4 |
680920 |
216.2 |
681531 |
217.3 |
681849 |
219.7 |
682446 |
222.6 |
682762 |
221.3 |
683262 |
218.7 |
683612 |
217.5 |
684142 |
217.5 |
684419 |
219.4 |
684949 |
219.5 |
685217 |
219.7 |
685716 |
223.5 |
685980 |
224.4 |
686425 |
224.3 |
686726 |
227.3 |
687227 |
228.7 |
687470 |
228.8 |
687949 |
232.3 |
688195 |
233 |
688652 |
235.8 |
688881 |
234.9 |
689304 |
235.8 |
689603 |
239.9 |
690057 |
235.6 |
690294 |
234.8 |
690771 |
240 |
690999 |
234 |
691432 |
235.6 |
691672 |
236.6 |
692057 |
235.5 |
692338 |
235.9 |
692765 |
232.9 |
692990 |
234.8 |
693433 |
234.1 |
693639 |
234.1 |
694068 |
235.4 |
694300 |
234.4 |
694672 |
235.8 |
694941 |
236.9 |
695383 |
236.7 |
695618 |
237.6 |
696062 |
234.6 |
696287 |
234.8 |
696717 |
235.4 |
696963 |
232.9 |
697331 |
232.4 |
697660 |
232.2 |
698120 |
231 |
698386 |
228 |
698880 |
226.4 |
699102 |
227.7 |
699633 |
227.6 |
699909 |
226 |
700389 |
228.7 |
700744 |
227.6 |
701242 |
228.2 |
701606 |
228.8 |
702158 |
229.3 |
702381 |
230.3 |
702988 |
232.4 |
703384 |
232.8 |
703934 |
231.2 |
704211 |
231.2 |
704973 |
233.9 |
705410 |
228.5 |
706141 |
228.6 |
706409 |
228.1 |
709680 |
219.7 |
710237 |
220.2 |
711104 |
218.9 |
711421 |
218.7 |
712833 |
218.5 |
713843 |
222.3 |
714288 |
221.7 |
715180 |
217.7 |
715750 |
222.1 |
716704 |
208.1 |
717065 |
205 |
718064 |
192.9 |
718779 |
184.3 |
719794 |
187.8 |
720337 |
195.2 |
721318 |
206.3 |
722039 |
211.3 |
723133 |
213.4 |
723464 |
213.2 |
724445 |
210.3 |
725059 |
206.3 |
725937 |
206.6 |
726322 |
208.1 |
727192 |
204.5 |
727732 |
205.5 |
728568 |
205.1 |
728921 |
205.4 |
730299 |
204 |
730949 |
204.1 |
731329 |
204.9 |
732141 |
203.8 |
732548 |
205.9 |
733261 |
203.9 |
733543 |
204.4 |
734223 |
205.3 |
734604 |
207.4 |
735167 |
201.7 |
735459 |
201.3 |
736079 |
204.1 |
736460 |
209.7 |
737034 |
208.1 |
737266 |
211.3 |
737889 |
210.6 |
738272 |
206.5 |
738844 |
200.3 |
739137 |
197.8 |
739842 |
185 |
740277 |
178.9 |
741021 |
178.6 |
741307 |
176.6 |
742075 |
177.9 |
742558 |
182.3 |
743233 |
181.7 |
743589 |
180.4 |
744354 |
181.2 |
744843 |
182 |
745836 |
180.2 |
746643 |
183.1 |
747110 |
180.8 |
747759 |
180.8 |
748101 |
180.4 |
748913 |
181.4 |
749401 |
182.9 |
750194 |
184.8 |
750476 |
184 |
751301 |
186.2 |
751830 |
190.1 |
752605 |
188 |
752978 |
196.5 |
753984 |
191.5 |
754394 |
195.8 |
755241 |
200.5 |
755495 |
201.9 |
756357 |
206 |
756871 |
210.7 |
757561 |
215 |
757962 |
219.2 |
758259 |
215.3 |
758475 |
217.6 |
758883 |
217.9 |
759306 |
214.9 |
760202 |
208.8 |
760500 |
206.9 |
761453 |
206.1 |
762064 |
212 |
762871 |
216 |
763319 |
215 |
763686 |
225.7 |
763934 |
221.4 |
764249 |
224.1 |
764833 |
222.6 |
765735 |
216.8 |
766110 |
215.7 |
767096 |
213.5 |
767737 |
217.7 |
768655 |
222.4 |
769050 |
221.4 |
769514 |
228.1 |
769787 |
226 |
770133 |
231.5 |
770447 |
235.6 |
770724 |
238.2 |
770994 |
235.6 |
771260 |
237.7 |
771708 |
229.5 |
772076 |
230.9 |
773043 |
230 |
773680 |
233.3 |
774548 |
236.9 |
775051 |
240.5 |
776037 |
238.8 |
776636 |
243.9 |
777556 |
246.3 |
777900 |
246.1 |
778798 |
245.8 |
779364 |
243.9 |
780268 |
248.5 |
780612 |
242.8 |
781535 |
248.7 |
782059 |
246.2 |
783263 |
252.1 |
784147 |
246.9 |
784692 |
250.7 |
785413 |
253.3 |
785789 |
255.4 |
786587 |
260.3 |
787076 |
256.9 |
787805 |
248.1 |
788033 |
247.9 |
788887 |
229.5 |
789381 |
226.3 |
790153 |
218.2 |
790538 |
221.3 |
791491 |
215.4 |
792081 |
205.1 |
792943 |
204 |
793260 |
209 |
794608 |
199.4 |
795202 |
195.2 |
796467 |
189.3 |
797099 |
188.4 |
798512 |
191 |
| Source: NOAA | |
